Cryogenic Treatment- Use of extreme cold to enhance strength.

Heat treating- Use of heat to provide increased strength.
 

Thermal-Chemical Treatment-Use of chemical compounds and controlled heat to increase strength.
 

As-Welded- Tubular products not subject to thermal treatment after welding.
 

As-Brazed-  Same as above.
 

Bright annealing- Annealing in a controlled atmosphere to prevent formation of dark, adherent oxides.
 

Cold drawing- Drawing tubular products through a hardened die while at room temperature. Cold drawing is usually done with a supporting inside mandrel (drawn over mandrel). The purpose of cold drawing is to reduce the O.D. or wall, or both, to produce smooth surface finishes, obtain closer tolerances and to promote weld area recrystallization during subsequent annealing.
 

Concentricity- As applied to tubular products, the center of the diameter is consistent with the center of the outside diameter.
 

Dimensions-
 

O.D. - Outside diameter, specified in inches and/or decimals of an inch or specified in fractions of an inch or metric measure.
 

I.D.- Inside diameter, specified in the same terms as O.D.
 

Wall thickness- Preferably specified in decimals of an inch or metric measure.
 

Nominal- The O.D., I.D. or wall dimension exclusive of tolerances.
 

Maximum and minimum- The dimensions resulting after applying the proper tolerance to the nominal dimensions.
 

Mean-Intermediate between maximum and minimum dimensions.
Average- Dimensions obtained by averaging a number of measurements usually applied to wall thickness and less frequently applied to the O.D. or I.D.

Minimum wall- A length of tubing or pipe in which the wall thickness is not permitted to be below that in the specifications.

Full finished- Refers to tubular products in which the weld has been processed to produce uniform strength and dimensions, and is subsequently annealed to obtain proper corrosion resistance.

Complex Shaping-Post Drawing- Shape re-drawing or re-reeling to create ID/OD shapes.

Ovalization-Forming Ovalizing in supported and unsupported manner. Using block forms or linear reels.

Manipulation tests- Deformation of full sections or sector specimens to evaluate quality. Various tests are crush, flare, bend, flange, flatten, reverse flatten, reverse bend and expanding. To produce face or root bend specimens, sector samples and guided fixtures are used.

 

Mechanical properties- Properties that reveal elastic or inelastic behavior where force is applied. Examples are elastic and proportional limits, modules of elasticity, yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation, hardness, impact strength, creep strength, and stress rupture strength.

 

Ovality- The difference between the maximum and minimum diameter of a tubular section.

 

Pipe- A tubular product made to dimensions specified by American Standards Association.

 

Pickling- Chemical or electrochemical removal of surface oxides.

 

Plug drawing- A cold finishing operation in which a tube is drawn through a die over a plug, to produce a precise O.D. and wall tube.

 

Pressure test- Subjecting tubular products to a specified hydraulic or pneumatic internal pressure to detect defects and weakness in the tubing wall.

 

Sinking (or sink drawing)- A cold finishing operation to obtain exactly the desired diameter and/or to improve mechanical properties. This operation usually is performed by pulling a tube through a die without using an interior tool (mandrel).

 

Straightness tolerance (or camber)- Maximum deviation, or bow, within a specified length. Usual method to determine straightness deviation is to use a straight edge and dial indicator or a flat plate and feeler gages.
Each length should be straight within .020 inches per foot of length. In excess it is considered to be cambered.